Ellipsoid paradox: This paradox considers a perfectly reflecting cavity with two black bodies at points A and B. The reflecting surface is composed of two elliptical sections E1 and E2 and a spherical section S, and the bodies at A and B are located at the joint foci of the two ellipses and B is at the center of S. This configuration is such that apparently black body at B heat up relative to A: the radiation originating from the blackbody at A will land on and be absorbed by the blackbody at B.
The law that entropy always increases – the second law of thermodynamics – holds, I think, the supreme position among the laws of Nature. If someone points out to you that your pet theory of the universe is in disagreement with Maxwell's equations – then so much the worse for Maxwell's equations.
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The signature of a perpetual motion machine of the second kind is that there is only one heat reservoir involved, which is being spontaneously cooled without involving a transfer of heat to a cooler reservoir. This conversion of heat into useful work, without any side effect, is impossible, according to the second law of thermodynamics.
The Atmos clock uses changes in the vapor pressure of ethyl chloride with temperature to wind the clock spring.
Probably the easiest way to do this is to use video analysis software. A video of a trajectory can be recorded with a mobile phone to be uploaded to video analysis software and analyzed frame by frame. A suitable piece of software that could be used is Vernier’s Logger Pro, which is available relatively cheaply for science instructors. Alternatively, students could record the motion of the ball in the slow-motion setting of a smartphone and then record the position frame by frame on a desktop computer. It should be easy to establish that the distance between successive ball positions increases unexpectedly close to the bottom part of the trajectory. This confirms that there is an external energy source, but what here is the nature of this source?
Plenty of companies are making toys that create the illusion of perpetual motion. Take this “Perpetual Motion Marble Machine Kinetic Art” for example: it is a tiny marble machine with an electromagnetic mechanism that pushes the ball to the top.
The first law of thermodynamics is the law of conservation of energy, which simply states that energy cannot be created or destroyed, but rather is transferred.
There is something lamentable, degrading, and almost insane in pursuing the visionary schemes of past ages with dogged determination, in paths of learning which have been investigated by superior minds, and with which such adventurous persons are totally unacquainted.
While it might appear to defy the laws of physics, the trick is that its base contains a hidden battery and electromagnet that accelerates the steel sphere Vencedor it comes down the ramp.
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The drinking bird toy functions using small ambient temperature gradients and evaporation. It runs until all water is evaporated.